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#1) The 3 most important evolutionary improvements in plants
#2) Land plants evolved from Green Algae #3) Non-vascular plants Moss, Liverworts, etc. #4) First vascular plants (still seedless, however!) Ferns, Lycopods, & Horsetails
#5) Then vascular plants evolved seeds; #6) Later flowers evolved in some vascular plants that had seeds Angiosperms (flowering plants) fertilized by insects, flies, sometimes birds, bats, butterflies, moths, bees, Austrian Monks etc.;. #7) The reason that flowers have bright colors, sweet smells and contain nectar (sugar solution that insects like to drink IS TO ATTRACT INSECTS, etc. This is a symbiotic relationship (that is an evolutionary advantage both to the flowering plants and to the insects) It has allowed angiosperms to become dominant in the age of dinosaurs, & to remain the most successful plants
#8) Angiosperms evolved into two main sub-groups:
Dicots (rose, etc. majority of species)
W.D. Hamilton theorized that this could become as big an evolutionary explosion as angiosperms in the age of dinosaurs #9) Comparisons of different life cycles in plants A) some green algae: both haploid and diploid; look the same
B) other green algae:
produce eggs and swimming sperm
Sporophyte generation (diploid)
produce eggs and swimming sperm
Sporophyte generation (diploid)
---> Meiosis---> Gametophyte Gametophyte generation (haploid) produce eggs and swimming sperm
Questions about chapter 27 that might be on an exam
a) Are plants diploid of haploid? (or sometimes...?)
b) The gametophyte generation looks like what?
In ferns?
d) Do any plants have swimming sperm? (hint; yes, but which ones) e) What do seed plants have instead of sperm? f) What structures were the three most important evolutionary advances in higher plants?
*g) Which kinds of plants have some but not others of these 3? h) Were there ferns and moss in the Cambrian? (not quite yet) i) Which evolved first? And from what? j) What is the origin of coal? k) Did the plants that became coal live before or after the age of dinosaurs? *m) Invent a science fiction, parallel earth equivalent to humans, that has an alternating of generations between gametophyte and spermatophyte generations? n) What is the function of flowers? o) If a given species of angiosperm is normally fertilized by flies, what would you expect its flowers to smell like? **p) Imagining that fertilization by Austrian Monks became a significant symbiotic relationship for pea plants, why might genetic linkage tend to be reduced, along with co-dominance, multiple alleles affecting the same characters, etc.
*q) Some plants have mechanisms to prevent self-pollination: *r) Other plants ARE capable of self-fertilization, and it is found that islands far out in the ocean (like Hawaii) have much higher percentage of plants that are capable of self-fertilization; can you figure out what probably caused this? *s) By what mechanism are Gymnosperms pollinated? **t) Do you know any kinds of plants which have separate male and female individuals? Is such a thing possible? u) Evolutionarily and taxonomically, what group do Ginkgo trees belong to. v) Monocots and dicots belong to what larger taxonomic group? w) Corn, grass, etc. belong to what group? x) Lycopodium ("Ground pine") is most closely related to which other kinds of plants? y) Which group of plants were the first to evolve vessels to transport water? z) Which group seems to have evolved seeds first?
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